Answers:
Efficiency
in agriculture can be primarily derived from two major factors — technological
and institutional. The implementation of the technological factor includes the
use of agricultural inputs and methods such as improved seeds, fertilizers,
improved ploughs, tractors, harvesters and irrigation among others which help
to improve productivity, even though no land reforms are introduced. The
institutional factors comprise of reforms introduced to redistribute land to the
cultivating classes to inculcate in them a feeling of participation in rural
life, enhancing the size of farms, providing safety of tenure and regulation of
rent among others. The socialists believe that the existence of feudal or
semi-feudal relations was the real cause of backwardness and poverty in rural
communities. The emancipation of the peasantry from the bondages of
institutional depressors will unleash forces which shall automatically raise
levels of production in agriculture. It is held that technological change can
work more effectively in a congenial agrarian structure and in this way the
process of development can be accelerated.
The
purpose of land reforms is, therefore, dual. On the one hand, it aspires to
make more balanced use of the limited land-resource by bringing about changes
in the condition of holdings, imposing ceilings and floors on holdings so that
cultivation can be done without any wastage of manpower and financial resources.
On the other hand, it aims at redistributing agricultural land to the low
social classes, and of improving the terms and conditions on which land is held
for cultivation by the actual tillers, with a view to ending exploitation. RBI:
The stock market or exchange is a place where stocks and shares and other long-term
commitments or investments are bought and sold. For the existence of the
capitalist system of economy and for the smooth functioning of the corporate
form of organization, the stock exchange is, therefore, an essential institution.
The Reserve Bank of India was established in April 1935. It was started with a
share capital of 5 crores, divided into shares of 100 each fully paid up. Initially,
the entire share capital was owned by private shareholders. The Indian Government
held shares of nominal value of 2,22,000. The Reserve Bank of India, Act, 1934,
made provision for the appointment by the Central Government of the Governor
and two Deputy Governors (who were also directors of the Central Board). The
Act also contained specifications concerning the holding of the shares and the
rate of dividend to be paid to shareholders. The Reserve Bank was finally
nationalized in 1949.